In pre-World War II Germany, Swing music becomes the underground movement of many young people. Two high school students attempt to be Swing Kids by night and Hitler Youth by day. The impact of this decision is felt acutely by their friends and families. A seemingly charming but intimidating view of Germany's Nazification.
Another summary from IMDB.com:
Kids all over the world and all through time want to rebel. Peter Muller (Robert Sean Leonard) and Thomas Berger (Christian Bale) are two such young men. Their rebellion against the conformity of Nazi Germany took the form of a love of American swing music, British fashion, and Harlem slang. But when an innocent prank forces Peter into the Hitler Youth, their friendship and their loyalties are put to the test against the seductive power of Nazism.
This week in our study of Germany; the powerful movie Swing Kids.
Monday, April 23, 2007
Friday, April 20, 2007
Adidas and many other German companies
Selected list:
adidas
BASF
Bayer
Behringer
Bertelsmann
Birkenstock
BMG
Birkenstock
Bosch
Blaupunkt
BMW
Zeiss
DaimlerChrysler
Mercedes-Benz
Deutsche Post
T-Mobile
T-Online
Diezel
Fantasy Productions
Hugo Boss
Jil Sander
Lamy
Leica
Löwenbräu
Lufthansa
Merck
Porsche
PUMA
Schaller
Sennheiser
Siemens
Stabilo
Telefunken
Volkswagen
Audi
NSU
Walther
AGFA,
Focke-Wulf
Heinkel
Hoechst
Philipp Holzmann
IG Farben
Messerschmitt
adidas
BASF
Bayer
Behringer
Bertelsmann
Birkenstock
BMG
Birkenstock
Bosch
Blaupunkt
BMW
Zeiss
DaimlerChrysler
Mercedes-Benz
Deutsche Post
T-Mobile
T-Online
Diezel
Fantasy Productions
Hugo Boss
Jil Sander
Lamy
Leica
Löwenbräu
Lufthansa
Merck
Porsche
PUMA
Schaller
Sennheiser
Siemens
Stabilo
Telefunken
Volkswagen
Audi
NSU
Walther
AGFA,
Focke-Wulf
Heinkel
Hoechst
Philipp Holzmann
IG Farben
Messerschmitt
The epitome of the castle: Neuschwanstein Castle, in Bavaria
Neuschwanstein Castle, royal palace in the Bavarian Alps of Germany, was the most famous of three royal palaces built for Louis II of Bavaria, sometimes referred to as Mad King Ludwig, who grew up nearby at Hohenschwangau Castle.
Begun in 1869 and left unfinished at Louis's death in 1886, the castle is the embodiment of 19th century romanticism. In a fantastical imitation of a medieval castle, Neuschwanstein is set with towers and spires and is spectacularly sited on a high point over the Pöllat River gorge. The king worked with three different architects in succession
Begun in 1869 and left unfinished at Louis's death in 1886, the castle is the embodiment of 19th century romanticism. In a fantastical imitation of a medieval castle, Neuschwanstein is set with towers and spires and is spectacularly sited on a high point over the Pöllat River gorge. The king worked with three different architects in succession
Smart Car
Smart (formerly MCC smart) is a brand of microcars and superminis based in Böblingen, Germany. The name of the company, part of DaimlerChrysler, was changed from Micro Compact Car GmbH to Smart GmbH in September 2002.
The original idea behind the very short "smart car" is that the vehicle is easy to park. It is short enough to allow it to be parked "nose-in" where a conventionally sized car would have to parallel park. Its length of 2.5 metres (98.4 in) equals the width of a truck or a regular parking slot, allowing two or three smarts to park in the same space as one normal car if parked side-on to the usual parking direction.
The project idea was originally supported by Swiss watch manufacturer Swatch, and was nicknamed the "Swatchmobile". The name SMART is an acronym for Swatch Mercedes ART.[1][2] The car was supposed to use innovative features (such as a hybrid engine) and to be an affordable car for young people. Similar to the objective for the Citroën 2CV in the 1940s, its purpose was to "transport two people and a case of beer".
The original idea behind the very short "smart car" is that the vehicle is easy to park. It is short enough to allow it to be parked "nose-in" where a conventionally sized car would have to parallel park. Its length of 2.5 metres (98.4 in) equals the width of a truck or a regular parking slot, allowing two or three smarts to park in the same space as one normal car if parked side-on to the usual parking direction.
The project idea was originally supported by Swiss watch manufacturer Swatch, and was nicknamed the "Swatchmobile". The name SMART is an acronym for Swatch Mercedes ART.[1][2] The car was supposed to use innovative features (such as a hybrid engine) and to be an affordable car for young people. Similar to the objective for the Citroën 2CV in the 1940s, its purpose was to "transport two people and a case of beer".
When Adolf Hitler asked Ferdinand Porsche to build a "People's car"
Adolf Hitler had a keen interest in cars, says Wikipedia, even though he did not drive. He demanded that Ferdinand Porsche make changes to his original 1931 design to make it more suited for the working man. It was called the VW Käfer - or Beetle.
Changes included better fuel efficiency, reliability, ease of use, and economically efficient repairs and parts. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme ("Fünf Mark die Woche musst Du sparen, willst Du im eigenen Wagen fahren" — "Save five Marks a week, if you want to drive your own car") which around 336,000 people eventually paid into.
Prototypes of the car appeared from 1936 onwards (the first cars had been produced in Stuttgart). The car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine.
Changes included better fuel efficiency, reliability, ease of use, and economically efficient repairs and parts. The intention was that ordinary Germans would buy the car by means of a savings scheme ("Fünf Mark die Woche musst Du sparen, willst Du im eigenen Wagen fahren" — "Save five Marks a week, if you want to drive your own car") which around 336,000 people eventually paid into.
Prototypes of the car appeared from 1936 onwards (the first cars had been produced in Stuttgart). The car already had its distinctive round shape and air-cooled, flat-four, rear-mounted engine.
Deutschland, or Germany, from Hamburg to Munchen (Munich)
Deutschland map idents:
Hamburg
Berlin
Franfurt
Munich (Munchen)
Bavarian Alps
Rhine valley
North Sea
Baltic Sea
Norway (symbols: oil, lemmings)
Sweden (Volvo, Saab)
Denmark (Legos, danish pastry)
Netherlands (Gouda cheese, Rembrandt, Amsterdam)
Britain (tea time, British Empire, Parliament)
Belgium (waffles, beer)
France (la cuisine, haut couture, Medecins sans frontiers)
Switzerland (Swiss cheese, fondue, skiing, banking)
Austria (Von Trapp family - Sound of Music, Mozart, Hitler, Schwarzenegger)
Czech Rep (Prague)
Poland (Nazi death camps, Warsaw)
Hamburg
Berlin
Franfurt
Munich (Munchen)
Bavarian Alps
Rhine valley
North Sea
Baltic Sea
Norway (symbols: oil, lemmings)
Sweden (Volvo, Saab)
Denmark (Legos, danish pastry)
Netherlands (Gouda cheese, Rembrandt, Amsterdam)
Britain (tea time, British Empire, Parliament)
Belgium (waffles, beer)
France (la cuisine, haut couture, Medecins sans frontiers)
Switzerland (Swiss cheese, fondue, skiing, banking)
Austria (Von Trapp family - Sound of Music, Mozart, Hitler, Schwarzenegger)
Czech Rep (Prague)
Poland (Nazi death camps, Warsaw)
Thursday, April 19, 2007
Bas relief sculpture in soap: please change date to Wed, Ap 25
Found out there's a major convocation on Tues. Changing the sculpture day to Wed, Ap 25.
A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background, says Wikipedia.
Reliefs are a common type of artwork found throughout the world, particularly to decorate monumental buildings, such as temples. The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. They can be very detailed to the extent that even tensed musculature itself may be seen.
Types:
- Bas-relief (pronounced "bah"), or low relief, with the background compressed for depth; as seen for example in numismatics. Although unusual, Bas-relief may show faces and even bodies in natural relief.
- High relief, where the image is highly undercut and rendered almost in the round against its flat background. In alto-relief the figures are usually near natural depth and the background is more detailed and deeper.
- Sunken-relief, also known as intaglio or hollow-relief, where the image is carved into the stone, creating in effect a negative, in contrast to other types of relief work where the surrounding stone is carved away to leave the image.
A relief is a sculptured artwork where a modeled form projects out from a flat background, says Wikipedia.
Reliefs are a common type of artwork found throughout the world, particularly to decorate monumental buildings, such as temples. The frieze in the classical Corinthian order is often enriched with bas-relief (low relief). Alto-relievo (high-relief) may been seen in the pediments of classical temples, e.g. the Parthenon. Reliefs can be used for a single scene, or ordered into a narrative. They can be very detailed to the extent that even tensed musculature itself may be seen.
Types:
- Bas-relief (pronounced "bah"), or low relief, with the background compressed for depth; as seen for example in numismatics. Although unusual, Bas-relief may show faces and even bodies in natural relief.
- High relief, where the image is highly undercut and rendered almost in the round against its flat background. In alto-relief the figures are usually near natural depth and the background is more detailed and deeper.
- Sunken-relief, also known as intaglio or hollow-relief, where the image is carved into the stone, creating in effect a negative, in contrast to other types of relief work where the surrounding stone is carved away to leave the image.
Semester Exams: May 16 - 18
Wed, May 16
Homeroom
3rd hour exam 8:45 - 10:30
break
4th hour exam 10:45 - 12:30
12:30 - 1 pm lunch
Exeunt
Teachers in classrooms til 3:30.
Th, May 17
as above . . .
1st hour exam
5th hour
Fri, May 18
as above ...
2nd hour
6th hour
- Exams must count as 20% of the second semester grade, which began in January.
- Report cards will be mailed.
Homeroom
3rd hour exam 8:45 - 10:30
break
4th hour exam 10:45 - 12:30
12:30 - 1 pm lunch
Exeunt
Teachers in classrooms til 3:30.
Th, May 17
as above . . .
1st hour exam
5th hour
Fri, May 18
as above ...
2nd hour
6th hour
- Exams must count as 20% of the second semester grade, which began in January.
- Report cards will be mailed.
Wednesday, April 18, 2007
Comparing Leonardo & Aristotle for independent work
Bonus credit:
Read about and write a blended comparison of these two thinkers: Leonardo and Aristotle.
Despite the time and space between them I see a lot of similarities.
Read about and write a blended comparison of these two thinkers: Leonardo and Aristotle.
Despite the time and space between them I see a lot of similarities.
Leonardo & Michelangelo: Renaissance Italy project
One page graphic report (10 pts):
Include -
* Map of Italy featuring Milan, Roma and Firenze (add color, too).
* 2 sketches of the art of Leonardo with detailed explanations of importance and location.
* 2 sketches and the same for Michelangelo.
* Brief paragraph explaining the definition and importance of the Renaissance.
* Titling.
* 4 multiple choice questions on back.
Include -
* Map of Italy featuring Milan, Roma and Firenze (add color, too).
* 2 sketches of the art of Leonardo with detailed explanations of importance and location.
* 2 sketches and the same for Michelangelo.
* Brief paragraph explaining the definition and importance of the Renaissance.
* Titling.
* 4 multiple choice questions on back.
Bar of Soap to class for the Relief sculpture project Tues, Ap 24
Tues, Ap 24, please pack a bar of soap (or pay a classmate to buy several and bring one for you) for our relief sculpture project.
I'll teach you not to simply make an incised design but to bring out a shape from the background. It's fun, a time for creativity, and has a direct relationship to our study of the art of Greece and Italy.
I'll teach you not to simply make an incised design but to bring out a shape from the background. It's fun, a time for creativity, and has a direct relationship to our study of the art of Greece and Italy.
CMHS tour of Italy: The Bridge of Sighs, a site in the city of Venezia
Hi, I'm fourth year student George Smith, and I just got back from a school trip to Italy. I've posted my photos on my facebook, so feel free to check out my albums. I'll post a direct link soon.
Tuesday, April 17, 2007
Tragedy at Va Tech in Blacksburg, Virginia
Virginia - Site of the first English settlement in the New World at Jamestown in 1607.
- Home of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, Madison, Tyler, Harrison and Wilson.
- Capital of the Confederate States during the Civil War and site of more than half the battles of that war.
- From Atlantic beaches to Appalachian mountains, a wonderful state to visit - postmarked in 1994 with US 19 cent balloon stamp.
- Blacksburg is in the extreme SW corner - near the border with W Va and Kentucky.
- Home of Presidents Washington, Jefferson, Monroe, Madison, Tyler, Harrison and Wilson.
- Capital of the Confederate States during the Civil War and site of more than half the battles of that war.
- From Atlantic beaches to Appalachian mountains, a wonderful state to visit - postmarked in 1994 with US 19 cent balloon stamp.
- Blacksburg is in the extreme SW corner - near the border with W Va and Kentucky.
Michelangelo's design: the Dome of St. Peter's basilica, the Vatican, Roma
Students sketched this dome because it typifies the architectural work of the Renaissance during the 1500s in Italy.
See the Mona Lisa in Paris famous museum The Louvre
Students sketched Leonardo's oil, Mona Lisa, because it is the world's most famous painting and image of beauty.
Michelangelo's 'Pieta': St Peter's Basilica, the Vatican, Roma
In recognition of one of the world's great marble sculptures students have been asked to sketch Michelangelo's scene ofthe crucified Jesus and Mary, his mother, called the Pieta (pity, or lament).
Michelangelo: Creation Of Adam
For greater appreciation of Michelangelo's 4 years of work on the cieling of the Sistine Chapel, my students are asked to make a sketch of this scene, The Creation of Adam.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam
'Anatomical Theories
Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of The Creation of Adam's highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point. In 1990 a physician named Frank Lynn Meshberger noted in the medical publication the Journal of the American Medical Association that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain, including the frontal lobe, optic chiasm, brain stem, pituitary gland, and the major sulci of the cerebrum. "
Maya Eidolon
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Creation_of_Adam
'Anatomical Theories
Several hypotheses have been put forward about the meaning of The Creation of Adam's highly original composition, many of them taking Michelangelo's well-documented expertise in human anatomy as their starting point. In 1990 a physician named Frank Lynn Meshberger noted in the medical publication the Journal of the American Medical Association that the background figures and shapes portrayed behind the figure of God appeared to be an anatomically accurate picture of the human brain, including the frontal lobe, optic chiasm, brain stem, pituitary gland, and the major sulci of the cerebrum. "
Maya Eidolon
Monday, April 16, 2007
The Renaissance: Leonardo da Vinci
Vitruvian Man, above, is one of the world's most famous pen-and-ink sketches. In it Leonardo illustrated the principles of design as established by the Roman architect, Vitruvius, and gave us science-and-art synthesis. It is also called the Canon (collected knowledge) of Proportions.
Our approximate date for Leonardo and this sketch will be 1500.
To be sketched in class are versions of
- Vitruvian man
- the Mona Lisa (beauty and strangeness)
Also presented in video and via the Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (from the school library) are a study of the horse (equus, Latin), the embryo in womb, a helicopter and a skeletal human arm.
Fresco - painting in wet plaster.
The Medici family were the benefactors of artists, engineers and thinkers in Florence and Milan around 1500. The Medici were wealthy bankers. The principal business of of Florence was in woolen fabrics and other textiles.
Florence and Rome were the centers of the Renaissance: centers of scholarship and art.
Humanism developed during this era, as artists and writers put emphasis on the capabilities of man as opposed to focusing exclusively on God.
Greek and Roman learning, forgotten for some 1000 years, was the material the stimulated the Renaissance artists.
Classes also sketched el Duomo (the dome), or the cathedral of Florence, as a symbol of the Renaissance.
The dates of the Medieval (middle) Era: about 700 AD to 1500 AD.
Our approximate date for Leonardo and this sketch will be 1500.
To be sketched in class are versions of
- Vitruvian man
- the Mona Lisa (beauty and strangeness)
Also presented in video and via the Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (from the school library) are a study of the horse (equus, Latin), the embryo in womb, a helicopter and a skeletal human arm.
Fresco - painting in wet plaster.
The Medici family were the benefactors of artists, engineers and thinkers in Florence and Milan around 1500. The Medici were wealthy bankers. The principal business of of Florence was in woolen fabrics and other textiles.
Florence and Rome were the centers of the Renaissance: centers of scholarship and art.
Humanism developed during this era, as artists and writers put emphasis on the capabilities of man as opposed to focusing exclusively on God.
Greek and Roman learning, forgotten for some 1000 years, was the material the stimulated the Renaissance artists.
Classes also sketched el Duomo (the dome), or the cathedral of Florence, as a symbol of the Renaissance.
The dates of the Medieval (middle) Era: about 700 AD to 1500 AD.
iPod Slows Enemy Bullet, Saves Life; story contributed by Sasha Sosin
Kevin Garrad of the 3rd Infantry Division is an iPod user for life—which incidentally got extended thanks to Apple's little music player. He was on patrol in Iraq when he met an armed insurgent carrying an AK-47. Both opened fire, and the bullet heading toward Kevin hit his chest right where his iPod was, which was enough to slow down the bullet to not pierce entirely through the body armor.
The fact that he had a 20GB (older and thicker) iPod probably helped slow down the bullet more than if he had one of the newer (and thinner) 30GB ones. In that sense, an Archos would probably be enough to stop a tank shell. – Jason Chen
Click on the photo and you will see there are 3 more in the series. Thanks, Sasha!
RT
The fact that he had a 20GB (older and thicker) iPod probably helped slow down the bullet more than if he had one of the newer (and thinner) 30GB ones. In that sense, an Archos would probably be enough to stop a tank shell. – Jason Chen
Click on the photo and you will see there are 3 more in the series. Thanks, Sasha!
RT
Friday, April 13, 2007
Roman tour essay: 15 pt Description essay on a tour of Italy accompanied by terms from the Roman empire
Essay -
From the North of Italy to the South, write an essay that combines travel across 5 locations and mention of some 10 terms from the era of the Romans (app 500m BC to 400 AD).
Example:
- Italian Alps
- aqueducts
Attend to your -
* grammar & spelling
* documentation ("accroding to," place at end of first paragraph)
* original titling
* legibility
* length of about 400 words.
* underline locations and terms from Roman history.
From the North of Italy to the South, write an essay that combines travel across 5 locations and mention of some 10 terms from the era of the Romans (app 500m BC to 400 AD).
Example:
- Italian Alps
- aqueducts
Attend to your -
* grammar & spelling
* documentation ("accroding to," place at end of first paragraph)
* original titling
* legibility
* length of about 400 words.
* underline locations and terms from Roman history.
Independent work: comparing St Peter's basilica to the Baths of Caracalla
Independent work:
- St Peter's and the Baths of the Emperor Caracalla.
- Comparing Otzi, the ice man found in the Italian Alps, and the Shroud of Turin, the image believed to be that of Jesus after the crucifixion.
Remember to
* blend the topics in each paragraph.
* document at the end of the first paragraph.
* use comparison terms such as "on the other hand," "but," "almost the same as," etc.
Look at past independent comparison topics on Italy in recent posts.
- St Peter's and the Baths of the Emperor Caracalla.
- Comparing Otzi, the ice man found in the Italian Alps, and the Shroud of Turin, the image believed to be that of Jesus after the crucifixion.
Remember to
* blend the topics in each paragraph.
* document at the end of the first paragraph.
* use comparison terms such as "on the other hand," "but," "almost the same as," etc.
Look at past independent comparison topics on Italy in recent posts.
Sarah M Silver, guest speaker at hours 1 & 2 prior to her appearance in Cinderella
Sarah Silver, CMHS 01, returned to her geography class to talk about the life of a ballerina this week. She stars in Spt Metropolitan Ballet's production of Cinderella on Sun, Ap 15.
Silver, formerly Sarah Gross, has attended U of Utah ("the Harvard of dance") and been a dancer with City Ballet San Diego and California Ballet. She is currently dancing for Columbia City Ballet, South Carolina.
She has developed a fitness program called Ballet Burner and is also developing her skill as a dance photographer.
Silver, formerly Sarah Gross, has attended U of Utah ("the Harvard of dance") and been a dancer with City Ballet San Diego and California Ballet. She is currently dancing for Columbia City Ballet, South Carolina.
She has developed a fitness program called Ballet Burner and is also developing her skill as a dance photographer.
Members of the Class of 2010
Third hour geography recently made an architectural inspection of the overview of the new wing at CMHS.
Thursday, April 12, 2007
Galleria, Milan.
The Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II is a covered double arcade (two arcades intersecting in an octagon) sited on the northern side of the Piazza del Duomo in Milan, connecting to the Piazza della Scala, says Wikipedia.
Named after Vittorio Emanuele II, the first king of united Italy, it was orginally designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877.
The street is covered over by an arching glass and steel roof, a popular design for nineteenth-century shopping malls (e.g., the Passazh in St Petersburg, opened in 1848). The central point is topped with a glass dome. The Milanese Galleria was larger in scale than its predecessors and was an important step in the evolution of the modern shopping mall. It has inspired the use of the term galleria for many other shopping arcades and malls.
The Galleria connects two of Milan's most famous landmarks: The Duomo and the Teatro Alla Scala.
More than 120 years after its inauguration, the four-story arcade includes elegant shops selling most things from haute couture to books, as well as restaurants, cafés and bars.
Named after Vittorio Emanuele II, the first king of united Italy, it was orginally designed in 1861 and built by Giuseppe Mengoni between 1865 and 1877.
The street is covered over by an arching glass and steel roof, a popular design for nineteenth-century shopping malls (e.g., the Passazh in St Petersburg, opened in 1848). The central point is topped with a glass dome. The Milanese Galleria was larger in scale than its predecessors and was an important step in the evolution of the modern shopping mall. It has inspired the use of the term galleria for many other shopping arcades and malls.
The Galleria connects two of Milan's most famous landmarks: The Duomo and the Teatro Alla Scala.
More than 120 years after its inauguration, the four-story arcade includes elegant shops selling most things from haute couture to books, as well as restaurants, cafés and bars.
Circus Maximus
The Circus Maximus (Latin for greatest circus, in Italian Circo Massimo) is an ancient hippodrome and mass entertainment venue located in Rome.
The location was first utilized for public games and entertainment by the Etruscan kings of Rome, says Wikipedia.
Meeting the demands of the Roman citizenry for mass public entertainment on a lavish scale, Julius Caesar expanded the Circus around 50 BC, after which the track measured approximately 600 m (1,968 ft) in length, 80 m (387 ft) in breadth and could accommodate an estimated 250,000 spectators (many more, perhaps an equal number again, could view the games by standing, crowding and lining the adjoining hills).
In 81, the Senate built a triple arch honoring Titus by the closed East end.
The emperor Domitian connected his new palace on the Palatine to the Circus in order that he could more easily view the races. The emperor Trajan later added another 5000 seats and expanded the emperor's seating in order to increase his public visibility during the games.
The location was first utilized for public games and entertainment by the Etruscan kings of Rome, says Wikipedia.
Meeting the demands of the Roman citizenry for mass public entertainment on a lavish scale, Julius Caesar expanded the Circus around 50 BC, after which the track measured approximately 600 m (1,968 ft) in length, 80 m (387 ft) in breadth and could accommodate an estimated 250,000 spectators (many more, perhaps an equal number again, could view the games by standing, crowding and lining the adjoining hills).
In 81, the Senate built a triple arch honoring Titus by the closed East end.
The emperor Domitian connected his new palace on the Palatine to the Circus in order that he could more easily view the races. The emperor Trajan later added another 5000 seats and expanded the emperor's seating in order to increase his public visibility during the games.
Otzi the Iceman: 3,300 BC fellow found frozen in the Italian Alps
Ötzi the Iceman (also spelled Oetzi): a well-preserved natural mummy of a man from about 3300 BC,[1] found in 1991 in the Schnalstal glacier in the Ötztal Alps, on the border between Austria and Italy. The nickname comes from Ötztal, the region in which he was discovered, says Wikipedia.
He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Since 1998 it has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy.
At the time of his death, Ötzi was approximately 5 ft. 4 in.) tall, and about 30 years of age. Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death it only partially deteriorated.
Analysis of pollen and dust grains and the isotopic composition of his tooth enamel indicate that he spent his childhood near the present village of Velturno, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 km further north.
Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one about eight hours before his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer meat. Both were eaten with some grain as well as some roots and fruits. The grain from both meals was a highly processed einkorn wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. There were also a few kernels of sloes (small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree).
Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude conifer forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and legumes, which may have been domesticated crops. Also, pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were discovered. The pollen was very well preserved with even the cells inside still intact, indicating that it had been fresh (a few hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death. This find places the event in the spring. Interestingly, einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and sloes in the autumn; these must have been stored since the year before.
High levels of both copper particles and arsenic were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper smelting.
He apparently had whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), an intestinal parasite.
He had approximately 52 tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines. The designs might have been used to mark the passage from youth to manhood,[citation needed] or it has been speculated that they may be related to acupuncture.
Ötzi's clothes, which included a woven grass cloak and leather vest and shoes, were quite sophisticated. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like warm socks.
The shoes have since been reproduced by experts and found to constitute such excellent footwear that there are plans for commercial production.[6] However, a more recent theory by British archaeologist Jacqui Wood says that Ötzi's "shoes" were actually the upper part of snowshoes. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the torso.
Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a yew handle, a flint knife with an ash handle, a quiver of 14 bone-tipped arrows with viburnum and dogwood shafts and flint heads (two arrows were finished, twelve were not), and an unfinished yew longbow that was 3 feet 2 inches (one metre) tall.[7] Also found were berries, a bucket and a knife.
Among Ötzi's possessions were two species of polypore mushrooms with leather strings through them. One of these (the birch fungus) is known to have antibacterial properties, and was likely used for medicinal purposes. The other was a type of tinder fungus, included with part of what appeared to be a complex firestarting kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks.
A CAT scan revealed that Ötzi had what appeared to be an arrowhead lodged in one shoulder when he died, matching a small tear on his coat. The arrow shaft had been removed, apparently by a companion. He also had bruises and cuts on his hands, wrists, and chest. DNA analysis revealed traces of blood from four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from the same arrowhead, and a fourth from his coat.
This may indicate that Otzi was actually part of an armed raiding party, and had gotten into a skirmish, probably with a neighboring tribe, and this skirmish had gone badly for the attackers.
The biological evidence suggests that he was out of his home territory. The DNA evidence suggests that he was assisted by companions who were also wounded. The repairs he had made to his clothing are very crude compared to the original stitching. The copper axe could not have been made by him alone. It would have required a concerted group tribal effort to mine, smelt and cast the copper axe head. This all shows foresight, planning and preparation on a large scale with a certain goal in mind.
He is Europe's oldest natural human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans.
Since 1998 it has been on display at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy.
At the time of his death, Ötzi was approximately 5 ft. 4 in.) tall, and about 30 years of age. Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death it only partially deteriorated.
Analysis of pollen and dust grains and the isotopic composition of his tooth enamel indicate that he spent his childhood near the present village of Velturno, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 km further north.
Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one about eight hours before his death), one of chamois meat, the other of red deer meat. Both were eaten with some grain as well as some roots and fruits. The grain from both meals was a highly processed einkorn wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. There were also a few kernels of sloes (small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree).
Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude conifer forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and legumes, which may have been domesticated crops. Also, pollen grains of hop-hornbeam were discovered. The pollen was very well preserved with even the cells inside still intact, indicating that it had been fresh (a few hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death. This find places the event in the spring. Interestingly, einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and sloes in the autumn; these must have been stored since the year before.
High levels of both copper particles and arsenic were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper smelting.
He apparently had whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), an intestinal parasite.
He had approximately 52 tattoos consisting of simple dots and lines. The designs might have been used to mark the passage from youth to manhood,[citation needed] or it has been speculated that they may be related to acupuncture.
Ötzi's clothes, which included a woven grass cloak and leather vest and shoes, were quite sophisticated. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like warm socks.
The shoes have since been reproduced by experts and found to constitute such excellent footwear that there are plans for commercial production.[6] However, a more recent theory by British archaeologist Jacqui Wood says that Ötzi's "shoes" were actually the upper part of snowshoes. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the torso.
Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a yew handle, a flint knife with an ash handle, a quiver of 14 bone-tipped arrows with viburnum and dogwood shafts and flint heads (two arrows were finished, twelve were not), and an unfinished yew longbow that was 3 feet 2 inches (one metre) tall.[7] Also found were berries, a bucket and a knife.
Among Ötzi's possessions were two species of polypore mushrooms with leather strings through them. One of these (the birch fungus) is known to have antibacterial properties, and was likely used for medicinal purposes. The other was a type of tinder fungus, included with part of what appeared to be a complex firestarting kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and pyrite for creating sparks.
A CAT scan revealed that Ötzi had what appeared to be an arrowhead lodged in one shoulder when he died, matching a small tear on his coat. The arrow shaft had been removed, apparently by a companion. He also had bruises and cuts on his hands, wrists, and chest. DNA analysis revealed traces of blood from four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from the same arrowhead, and a fourth from his coat.
This may indicate that Otzi was actually part of an armed raiding party, and had gotten into a skirmish, probably with a neighboring tribe, and this skirmish had gone badly for the attackers.
The biological evidence suggests that he was out of his home territory. The DNA evidence suggests that he was assisted by companions who were also wounded. The repairs he had made to his clothing are very crude compared to the original stitching. The copper axe could not have been made by him alone. It would have required a concerted group tribal effort to mine, smelt and cast the copper axe head. This all shows foresight, planning and preparation on a large scale with a certain goal in mind.
Wednesday, April 11, 2007
The ancient priest class of the Celts: Druid's
In Celtic polytheism the word druid denotes the priestly class in ancient Celtic societies, which existed through much of Western Europe north of the Alps and in the British Isles until they were supplanted by Roman government and, later, Christianity. Druidic practices were part of the culture of all the tribal peoples called "Keltoi" and "Galatai" by Greeks and "Celtae" and "Galli" by Romans, which evolved into modern English "Celtic" and "Gaulish". They combined the duties of priest, arbitrator, healer, scholar, and magistrate, says Wikipedia.
The Druids were polytheists, but also deified elements of nature[1], such as the sun, the moon, and the stars, looking to them for "signs and seasons". They also venerated other natural elements, such as the oak, certain groves, tops of hills, streams, lakes and even plants, especially mistletoe and holly.
Fire was regarded as a symbol of several divinities and was associated with the sun and cleansing. Their calendar year was governed by the lunar, solar, and vegetative cycles. Archaeological evidence suggests that ceremonies were conducted to celebrate the two solstices and two equinoxes every year.[
The Druids were polytheists, but also deified elements of nature[1], such as the sun, the moon, and the stars, looking to them for "signs and seasons". They also venerated other natural elements, such as the oak, certain groves, tops of hills, streams, lakes and even plants, especially mistletoe and holly.
Fire was regarded as a symbol of several divinities and was associated with the sun and cleansing. Their calendar year was governed by the lunar, solar, and vegetative cycles. Archaeological evidence suggests that ceremonies were conducted to celebrate the two solstices and two equinoxes every year.[
View from the Basilica at St Peter's
Saint Peter's Basilica is the most prominent building inside the Vatican City, says Wikipedia. Its dome is also a dominant feature of the Roman skyline.
Possibly the largest church in Christianity[2], it covers an area of 5.7 acres (2.3 ha) and has a capacity of over 60,000 people. One of the holiest sites of Christendom in the Catholic tradition, it is traditionally the burial site of its namesake Saint Peter, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus, first Bishop of Antioch, and later first Bishop of Rome.
Construction on the current basilica, over the old Constantinian basilica, began on April 18, 1506.
Possibly the largest church in Christianity[2], it covers an area of 5.7 acres (2.3 ha) and has a capacity of over 60,000 people. One of the holiest sites of Christendom in the Catholic tradition, it is traditionally the burial site of its namesake Saint Peter, who was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus, first Bishop of Antioch, and later first Bishop of Rome.
Construction on the current basilica, over the old Constantinian basilica, began on April 18, 1506.
Celtic jewelry: the torc
A torc, also spelled torq or torque, is a rigid circular neck ring or necklace that is open-ended at the front, says Wikipedia. The word comes from Latin torques, from torqueo, to twist, because of the twisted shape of the collar.
The ends of ancient torcs typically bore sculpted ornaments, frequently globes, cubes, or animal heads, and less commonly human figures. The body of the necklace was usually but not always wrapped. Although they were most often neck-rings, there were also bracelets with this shape. Torcs were made from intertwined metal strands, usually gold or bronze, less often silver.
"Torc" is the ancient Irish for "boar", similar to the gaulish "torcos". A relation could be made with the sacred value of the animal in celtic mythology suggesting a sort of equivalence between the necklace and the animal symbol of death and revival.
The ends of ancient torcs typically bore sculpted ornaments, frequently globes, cubes, or animal heads, and less commonly human figures. The body of the necklace was usually but not always wrapped. Although they were most often neck-rings, there were also bracelets with this shape. Torcs were made from intertwined metal strands, usually gold or bronze, less often silver.
"Torc" is the ancient Irish for "boar", similar to the gaulish "torcos". A relation could be made with the sacred value of the animal in celtic mythology suggesting a sort of equivalence between the necklace and the animal symbol of death and revival.
The Roman "thumbs up" actually was "thumbs down;" "up" meant "You may fatally execute your opponent"
Though a favorite of Hollywood 'swords and sandals' epics, where the "thumbs down" symbol means that the loser in a gladiatorial combat should be put to death, recent research suggests the meanings of the symbols have changed over the years, says Wikipedia.
In 1997, Professor Anthony Philip Corbeill of the University of Kansas concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks.
Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.
In 1997, Professor Anthony Philip Corbeill of the University of Kansas concluded that the thumbs up actually meant "Kill him," basing his assertion on a study of hundreds of ancient artworks.
Thus, the "thumbs up" was an approval of the gladiator's request to kill his vanquished foe rather than a vote to allow the defeated to remain alive. Corbeill wrote that a closed fist with a wraparound thumb was the indication for a gladiator's life to be spared.
Roman roads & city planning: David Macaulay's movie, Roman City
Notes from Macaulay's Roman City:
- Vesuvius 79 AD. Pompeii, Herculaneum.
Ash, gas and volcanic mud.
- Roman empire: 3 continents.
- City's walls: dif between culture & chaos.
Forum, temples, theaters.
- Princes Romulus & Remus on the Tiber River.
300 AD, height of the Empire.
Pop: over 1 M. World’s largest city.
- Example of the Roman grid system: Nimes, southern France.
France / Gaul: conquered by Julius Caesar. New Roman cities built by Caesar Augustus.
- Celts: " Romans burned our houses, abducted women, humiliation. Cut off right hands of warriors."
- Military engineer / architect. Marcius Fabricius. Fabricate.
Slave: freed and become an administrator.
Slaves commonplace.
- Skilled craftsmen in conquered territories. Romans offer trading opportunities.
Celtic chief: "I once fought the Romans. Like it ot not, our future is bound to the Romans."
Druid protestor: “They have bridged the sacred river.”
- Vesuvius 79 AD. Pompeii, Herculaneum.
Ash, gas and volcanic mud.
- Roman empire: 3 continents.
- City's walls: dif between culture & chaos.
Forum, temples, theaters.
- Princes Romulus & Remus on the Tiber River.
300 AD, height of the Empire.
Pop: over 1 M. World’s largest city.
- Example of the Roman grid system: Nimes, southern France.
France / Gaul: conquered by Julius Caesar. New Roman cities built by Caesar Augustus.
- Celts: " Romans burned our houses, abducted women, humiliation. Cut off right hands of warriors."
- Military engineer / architect. Marcius Fabricius. Fabricate.
Slave: freed and become an administrator.
Slaves commonplace.
- Skilled craftsmen in conquered territories. Romans offer trading opportunities.
Celtic chief: "I once fought the Romans. Like it ot not, our future is bound to the Romans."
Druid protestor: “They have bridged the sacred river.”
Wednesday, April 04, 2007
Kingston Flash memory drive bargains on Amazon.com
Tyler Snelling has found this excellent deal: http://www.amazon.com/dp/B000MS6SG0/ref=nosim/?tag=jc0c-20.
I've had a Kingston jump drive, by the by, for several years and it has been rock as a solid.
I've had a Kingston jump drive, by the by, for several years and it has been rock as a solid.
Sunday, April 01, 2007
Independent work: visit Centenary College campus
Here's the amphitheater they call The Shell as captured by Cmhs student Liz Jackson.
Also to be visited:
Meadows Museum of Art
Turner Art Center (corner Centenary & Rutherford)
Crumbley Gardens
the Fitness Center / Peavy Climbing Tower
Magale Library (there's an art exhibit in the lobby)
Also to be visited:
Meadows Museum of Art
Turner Art Center (corner Centenary & Rutherford)
Crumbley Gardens
the Fitness Center / Peavy Climbing Tower
Magale Library (there's an art exhibit in the lobby)
Friday, March 30, 2007
Bill Joyce: A Day with Wilbur Robinson became the Disney movie Meet the Robinsons; see exhibit at Artspace for more background
Try to visit Artspace, 710 Texas (673-6535) to see The Art of Disney's Meet the Robots. There are kids' activities downstairs and sketches and paintings by Bill Joyce and the Disney artists on the main floor.
There's also Cafe D'Agostino, a terrific Italian eatery, on the mezzanine. It's a delicious place for a snack & coffee or lunch.
There's also Cafe D'Agostino, a terrific Italian eatery, on the mezzanine. It's a delicious place for a snack & coffee or lunch.
Aqüeducte romà de les Ferreres, Tarragona, Spain
Did the Roman Empire include Espana in its territory? Most certainly.
*******************
Author-illustrator david Macaulay is a source and inspiration for me.
Among his books: Castle, Cathedral, Pyramid, Mosque, Roman City, How Things Work and Building Big.
A writer in Time magazine once commented: "What [Macaulay] draws he draws better than any other pen-and-ink illustrator in the world"; his books have sold more than two million copies in the United States alone, and his work has been translated into a dozen languages.
*******************
Author-illustrator david Macaulay is a source and inspiration for me.
Among his books: Castle, Cathedral, Pyramid, Mosque, Roman City, How Things Work and Building Big.
A writer in Time magazine once commented: "What [Macaulay] draws he draws better than any other pen-and-ink illustrator in the world"; his books have sold more than two million copies in the United States alone, and his work has been translated into a dozen languages.
La cassata: an amazing Italian dessert
Sugary fruit, cream and cake mix: a cassata.
See a similar world-class dessert in the Italian dish called a tiramisu.
See a similar world-class dessert in the Italian dish called a tiramisu.
Atrium at MOMA
NYC's Museum of Modern Art - MOMA - has an atrium, a design we inherited from the Romans.
Roman public baths, city of Bath, England
Bathing played a major part in Ancient Roman culture and society.
Of all the leisure activities, it was one of the most important, since it was part of the daily regimen for men of all classes, and many women as well.
Today many cultures see bathing as a very private activity conducted in the home, but bathing in Rome was a communal activity, conducted for the most part in public facilities called thermae that in some ways resembled modern-day spas. Such was the importance of baths to Romans that a catalogue of buildings in Rome from 354 AD documented 952 baths of varying sizes in the city.[1]
Although wealthy Romans might set up a bath in their town houses or in their country villas, heating a series of rooms or even a separate building especially for this purpose, and soldiers might have a bathhouse provided at their fort (as at Chesters on Hadrian's Wall, or at Bearsden fort), they still often frequented the numerous public bathhouses in the cities and towns throughout the empire.
Of all the leisure activities, it was one of the most important, since it was part of the daily regimen for men of all classes, and many women as well.
Today many cultures see bathing as a very private activity conducted in the home, but bathing in Rome was a communal activity, conducted for the most part in public facilities called thermae that in some ways resembled modern-day spas. Such was the importance of baths to Romans that a catalogue of buildings in Rome from 354 AD documented 952 baths of varying sizes in the city.[1]
Although wealthy Romans might set up a bath in their town houses or in their country villas, heating a series of rooms or even a separate building especially for this purpose, and soldiers might have a bathhouse provided at their fort (as at Chesters on Hadrian's Wall, or at Bearsden fort), they still often frequented the numerous public bathhouses in the cities and towns throughout the empire.
Insulae: Roman apartment buildings
In Roman architecture, insulae (singular insula) were large apartment buildings where the lower and middle classes of Romans (the plebs) dwelled. The floor at ground level was used for tavernas, shops and businesses with living space on the higher floors.
The urbanization of the larger Roman cities caused a great demand for housing which was within a comparable vicinity of the city center and real estate was therefore at a premium. As such, private houses were a luxury which only the wealthy could afford. This led to a majority of the inhabitants of the inner city living in apartment and tenement housing called insulae.
wikipedia
The urbanization of the larger Roman cities caused a great demand for housing which was within a comparable vicinity of the city center and real estate was therefore at a premium. As such, private houses were a luxury which only the wealthy could afford. This led to a majority of the inhabitants of the inner city living in apartment and tenement housing called insulae.
wikipedia
Light enters from the Oculus (eye) of the Pantheon, Rome
The Pantheon (Latin, Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the Gods") is a building in Rome which was originally built as a temple to the seven deities of the seven planets in the state religion of Ancient Rome, but which has been a Christian church since the 7th century.
It is the best-preserved of all Roman buildings. It has been in continuous use throughout its history.
The current building dates from about 125, during the reign of the Emperor Hadrian[2], as date-stamps on the bricks reveal.
Hadrian was a cosmopolitan emperor who traveled widely in the east and was a great admirer of Greek culture. He seems to have intended the Pantheon, a temple to all the gods, to be a kind of ecumenical or syncretist gesture to the subjects of the Roman Empire who did not worship the old gods of Rome, or who (as was increasingly the case) worshipped them under other names.
Thursday, March 29, 2007
Happy Nutella Day
Nutella is the brand name of a hazelnut-based sweet spread created by the Italian company Ferrero.
"Pasta Gianduja" was a solid block (not a spread) of goodness created by Pietro Ferrero, Nutella founder, in the 1940's. The main chocolate-like flavoring ingredient, hazelnut, is a typical product of the Langhe, the area of Piedmont where the Ferrero family originates (Pietro had its patisserie in Alba, Province of Cuneo). These products were all preparations of gianduja, a chocolate and hazelnut blend developed in Italy after excessive taxes on cocoa beans hindered the diffusion of conventional chocolate.
wikipedia
Independent work: comparing things Italian
Italian products, Italian cuisine, famous people of L'Italia; all these are open for comparison essay writing for indy work. Email it to
trudeau@earthlink.net or bring it to class, typed.
ex:
Benelli & Harley Davidson
Moto Guzzi & Ducati
Prada & Coach
Armani & Dolce et Gabbana
Maria Montessori & Antonio Stradivarius
Bartolomeo Cristofori & Guglielmo Marconi
Roman Empire & British Empire
Shroud of Turin & Shroud of Ramses II
trudeau@earthlink.net or bring it to class, typed.
ex:
Benelli & Harley Davidson
Moto Guzzi & Ducati
Prada & Coach
Armani & Dolce et Gabbana
Maria Montessori & Antonio Stradivarius
Bartolomeo Cristofori & Guglielmo Marconi
Roman Empire & British Empire
Shroud of Turin & Shroud of Ramses II
Sat, Mar 31, 7:30 pm at Riverview Theater: the symphony plus choirs and soloists; student tickets $5
The Shreveport Symphony Orchestra performs Sat, Mar 31, with the backing of choirs from Northwestern State and Centenary College plus the Red River Children's Chorus.
The principal piece is Carmina Burana, a series of catchy Medieval tunes that celebrate the hearty life.
Student tickets are always $5 so as to encourage growth in the orchestra audience.
Tickets at 227-8863.
More at shreveportsymphony.com
The principal piece is Carmina Burana, a series of catchy Medieval tunes that celebrate the hearty life.
Student tickets are always $5 so as to encourage growth in the orchestra audience.
Tickets at 227-8863.
More at shreveportsymphony.com
Wednesday, March 28, 2007
The revered and controversial Shroud of Turin is housed in the cathedral at Turin, Italy
The Shroud of Turin (or Turin Shroud) is an ancient linen cloth bearing the image of a man who appears to have been physically traumatized in a manner consistent with crucifixion. It is presently kept in the royal chapel of the Cathedral of Saint John the Baptist in Turin, Italy. Some believe it is the cloth that covered Jesus of Nazareth when he was placed in his tomb and that his image was somehow recorded on its fibers at or near the time of his proclaimed resurrection. Skeptics contend the shroud is a medieval hoax or forgery — or even a devotional work of artistic verisimilitude. It is the subject of intense debate among some scientists, believers, historians and writers, regarding where, when and how the shroud and its images were created.
The Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel (Italian: Cappella Sistina) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the official residence of the Pope, in the Vatican City. Its fame rests on its architecture, which evokes Solomon's Temple of the Old Testament, its decoration, frescoed throughout by the greatest Renaissance artists, including Michelangelo whose ceiling is legendary, and its purpose, as a site of papal religious and functionary activity, notably the conclave, at which a new Pope is selected.
St. Peter's, the Vatican
The Vatican City is itself of great cultural significance. Buildings such as St. Peter's Basilica and the Sistine Chapel are home to some of the most famous art in the world, which includes works by artists such as Botticelli, Bernini and Michelangelo.
The Vatican Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites; it is the only one to consist of an entire country.
wikipedia
The Vatican Library and the collections of the Vatican Museums are of the highest historical, scientific and cultural importance. In 1984, the Vatican was added by UNESCO to the List of World Heritage Sites; it is the only one to consist of an entire country.
wikipedia
Vatican City
Mausoleum of Hadrian or Castel Sant'Angelo or Saint Angelo's Castle is the entrance point to the Vatican City and is connected to St. Peter's Basilica by a fortified corridor.
Monaco: microstate on the Med
Monaco is the world's most densely populated country and second-smallest independent nation; with a population of just 32,410 and an area of 1.96 square kilometers (485 acres),
Monaco also boasts more millionaires per capita than any other country[citation needed], and is the world's smallest French-speaking sovereignty.
Monaco also boasts more millionaires per capita than any other country[citation needed], and is the world's smallest French-speaking sovereignty.
San Marino, a European microstate
The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino) is the third smallest nation in Europe (after Monaco and Vatican City).
Located in southern Europe, it is an enclave surrounded by Italy, and is one of the European microstates.
According to tradition, San Marino is the oldest constitutional republic in the world still in existence today[1]: it was founded in AD 301 by Marinus of Rab, a Christian stonemason fleeing the religious persecution of Roman Emperor Diocletian.
wikipedia
Located in southern Europe, it is an enclave surrounded by Italy, and is one of the European microstates.
According to tradition, San Marino is the oldest constitutional republic in the world still in existence today[1]: it was founded in AD 301 by Marinus of Rab, a Christian stonemason fleeing the religious persecution of Roman Emperor Diocletian.
wikipedia
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